It evaluated how our bodies would feel the temperature in reality. That's how Death Valley got its name. All So despite all warnings not to, you schedule a vacation for Florida in July or August for two weeks and that's all it will take -- you'll never come back to the state of Florida in the middle of summer ever again. And they assume the person is dressed appropriately for the weather. I find this "feels like" temperature confusing because there are differences among people. The amount of water the air can hold is determined by the air temperature, correct? No matter what the temperature feels like to you because of the wind speed the true temperature will be measured in the surrounding area and objects. Then to print the value on the website, call the $at variable: This will print the Feels Like temperature followed by a degrees symbol (). Likewise, extreme wind chill temperatures can put people at risk for frostbite and hypothermia. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". The Steadman model also assumes that the adult walking outside is appropriately dressed. These heat index values were formulated for shady, light-wind conditions, but you should be aware that exposure to full sunshine can increase the "feels-like" temperature by as much as 15 degrees, according to the NWS. 0. Humindex. Local Research What Are Murder Hornets And How Dangerous Are They? This will return data in JSON format with current readings for your weather station (as last reported on PWSweather). } In the winter, the feels-like temperature is also called the wind chill. So, the calculator about Wind Chill Index can tell us how cold the wind is. For better understanding, it is given in degrees Celsius, like the air temperature. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Although numeric, temperatures are not universal. It sounds simple, but there are a few factors that are considered when determining the feels-like temperature for a given time. In columns G and H I converted the values to Celsius using Excel's handy . You just won't feel the sweat sticking to you in the desert because as fast as you sweat, the sweat evaporates just as quickly and you stay dry. Also, in the Pacific Northwest where temps tend to be cooler overall, the spring and summer can be unbearably warm even with some clouds in the sky. It will always be lower than the air temperature. If Our Body Temperature is 37 C, Why Do We Feel Hot When its 37 C Outside? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Thus, for example, a temperature of 75 degrees can feel more like 65 degrees with windspeeds of 60 miles per hour. When we are hot, our bodies sweat to cool us down. A thin layer of warm air, produced by body heat, exists just above your skin. The lower and higher heat index increases the human discomfort in both indoor & outdoor spaces. After multiple experiments, they published a table for estimating the feels like temperature by combining the air temperature with the wind speed. : Serious Scientific Answers to Absurd Hypothetical Questions, Lost in Math: How Beauty Leads Physics Astray. For example, if the temperature is 30 C (86 F) and the calculated humidex is 40, then that means the humid heat feels like a dry temperature of 40 C (104 F).The index is widely used in Canadian weather reports . When not writing or spending time HOW TO TELL THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HEAT EXHAUSTION AND HEATSTROKE. Here's how your body gets used to temperature. Contact Us The evaporation of the water cools you down. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Real feel heat index (HI) calculator to find the apparent air temperature which combines relative humidity & air temperature. Dear Internet Explorer user: Your browser is no longer supported. He enjoys watching movies and likes to read about financial management and the stock market. The 'Feels like' temperature is also known as the 'apparent temperature', and was first described in the late 1970s to include the effects of sun and wind. Take your own here and learn something new and perhaps surprising. I suppose people aren't understanding heat index or the "feels like temperature" because no one has taken the time to quantify what it means. Does it affect water freezing?". If your clothing is wet, for example, wind chill can be more severe and your chance of hypothermia would be greater than indicated by the apparent temperature. The BOM Blog gives you the background and insider info on weather, climate, oceans, water and space weatheras well as the latest on the work of the Bureau. In California, it's dry, hot and when it does get humid there (closer to bodies of water), it can be the kind that drains any energy you have, unlike, say, Central Florida, where it's humid and hot but the humidity seems to be in balance. It is a simple wooden box about 2 meters in height that is painted white to reflect the direct sunlight falling on it. About Our Office To do this, you need to take into account the relative humidity, the expected temperature of the air, and the wind's strength at about 5-feet which is the . El Paso Climate Data Since the chart goes in intervals of every 5 degrees and 5 mph, there is also a wind chill calculator available on this NWS webpage if you prefer to find a more precise value. The feels like temperature is often determined in part by the wind chill during the winter months. Between the dog's naturally high body temps and the inside of the car heating up, an hour in a locked car can be fatal to a dog. What Does Science Say About Brainwashing? When a weather service makes a prediction about what a temperature will feel like, they typically include these basic measurements of the heat index and the windchill factor. These values are found using a complex formula, but thanks to the National Weather Service, you can find the feels like temperature using this simple calculator- Heat Index Calculator. T is the air temperature. The other factors taken into account by the feels like temperature are the speed and strength of wind, the temperature of the air, relative humidity of the area and the rate of heat loss from a human body when covered in clothes. When humidity is high, sweat cannot evaporate as easily, so people have a harder time cooling off, resulting in a higher heat index. background-color: #8dc8bf; As the wind increases, it draws heat from the body, driving down skin temperature and eventually the internal body temperature. You can find the heat index in your city without actually doing any math thanks to online heat index calculators like those from the opens in a new windowNational Weather Service and the opens in a new windowThe Washington Post. The ideal heat index ranges from 80 degrees Fahrenheit to 101 degrees Fahrenheit with relative humidity ranges from 40% to 100%. Jetstream Weather Ed, Our Office The result is also known as the "felt air temperature", "apparent temperature", "real feel" or "feels like". Formula: WCF = 35.74 + (0.6215 * T) - (35.75 * wind_velocity ^ 0.16)+ (0.4275 * T * wind_velocity ^ 0.16) where: WCF = Wind chill factor; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration SKYWARN Spotter Training Because warm air can hold more water vapor than cool air, relative humidity falls when the temperature rises if no moisture is added to the air. } post multiple versions of the same view or make excessive postings on a particular issue. The higher the temperature, the more water the air can absorb. The heat index (HI) is an index that combines air temperature and relative humidity, in shaded areas, to posit a human-perceived equivalent temperature, as how hot it would feel if the humidity were some other value in the shade. Is it easy to get an internship at Microsoft? } #fca_qc_quiz_58020.fca_qc_quiz div.fca_qc_question_response_item.wrong-answer { At higher temperatures, wind chill is less significant and humidity plays a greater role in how warm you feel. Top 10+ What Is The Feel Like Temperature, Old They, New They Language Change in Action. How Did The Nintendo Game Duck Hunt Work? How Hot Is It? Heat index is often referred to as humiture, and is similar to wind chill in its attempt to measure the perceived rather than the actual temperature. Weather Calculator The vapour pressure can be calculated from the temperature and relative humidity using the equation: Find out the dew point temperature D p, in C. 80F at 100% humidity levels. The heat index takes into account both the air temperature and the humidity in determining how warm temperatures feel to a person outdoors. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. # and wind speed you can calculate a "feels like" temperature as follows. Privacy I don't know how many times I see owners leave their dogs in cars and regardless if windows are down, if it isn't actually cold and overcast outside, or you can't park in a cool parking structure that won't heat up, leave your dogs at home! Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. If Our Body Temperature Is 37 Degrees Celsius, Why Do We Feel Hot When Its 37 Degrees Outside? Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. For example, frostbite would occur after only 10 minutes of exposure to a temperature of minus 15 degrees with 20-mph winds. Among these, the mercury in glass thermometer, also known as a maximum thermometer, is the simplest and most widely used. Substituting the values in the given formula, HI= c 1 +c 2 T+c 3 R+c 4 TR+c 5 T 2 +c 6 R 2 +c 7 T 2 R+c 8 TR 2 +c 9 T 2 R 2. # This code assumes units of Fahrenheit, MPH, and Relative Humidity by percentage. This online calculator computes the apparent temperature, taking into consideration wind speed and relative air humidity. What Is Temperature And How Do We Measure It? He likes all kinds of sports and has represented his college for Athletics several times. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". At 85 degrees Fahrenheit with 10% humidity, the temperature feels closer to 79 degrees, but at 90% humidity, it will feel closer to 100 degrees. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. What are the physical state of oxygen at room temperature? What happens when wind chill is above 50 mph? These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. How come they say humidity makes it feel hotter? It differs from models used in the United States, Canada and United Kingdom which is why I wanted to use it. The humidex ("Hyu-mah-deks") is a temperature index used by Canadian meteorologists to describe how hot the weather feels to a person, by adding the effect of heat and humidity. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Commenting is available via a Facebook plugin, which can only be accessed by those with Facebook accounts. 1. If moisture does not form on the outside of the glass, the air is too dry; you may need a humidifier. Thus, an ambient temperature of 30 degrees Fahrenheit can feel like 30 degrees, 20 degrees, or even ten degrees in a stiff breeze. Place two or three ice cubes into a glass, add water and stir. To help cool you down, you sweat, and the water evaporates from your skin. Ambient vs. The weather report will say 68 degrees but it feels like 80 and your skin can feel like it's searing. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. #fca_qc_quiz_58020.fca_qc_quiz div.fca-qc-back.correct-answer, The feels like temperature is often determined in part by the wind chill during the winter months. This has important considerations for the human bodys comfort. Our bodies may prefer different temperatures as well, like when a person is said to run hot or run cold.. The RealFeel Temperature is an equation that takes into account many different factors to determine how the temperature actually feels outside. 2023 FOX News Network, LLC. For measuring the feels like temperature, meteorologists use something called the Heat Index. To do this in PHP, a call to the AerisWeather API is required: The PWSID, YOURID and YOURSECRET strings need to be replaced with your weather station ID (on PWSweather) and API credentials. When the humidity is higher, the sweat does not evaporate as fast, so your skin temperature goes up. I had no prior knowledge on how to calculate the feel like temperature before I started to work on this template so there is likelly room for improvement. The following HTML is permitted: These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. The temperature and the dewpoint together give the relative humidity, a measure of how much moisture is in the air relative to how much moisture the air could potentially hold. #fca_qc_quiz_58020.fca_qc_quiz div.fca_qc_question_response_item.correct-answer { Also, a warning to pet owners: please do *not* leave your unattended pet in a car that doesn't feel "that hot" to you. That is what I was wondering. Basically, the feels-like temperature is how hot or how cold the air feels to the human body when factoring in variables such as relative humidity, wind speeds and even the amount of sunshine. The difference is largely by humidity levels. In the wintertime, Feels Like and indices other than AccuWeather's exclusive RealFeel Temperature use only temperature and wind speed - nothing else is included in their calculation. But by taking into account wind and humidity we also calculate apparent temperaturehow warm you might feel. Outlooks 2 How does wind speed affect temperature? Why SJF Cannot be implemented practically? Therefore, the stronger the winds, the colder the air will feel. Heat Index (HI) = 1410.25oF. Next, add a PHP block that pulls out the relevant data and performs the calculations: The AerisWeather API returns wind speed in kilometres per hour, so this needs to be changed to metres per second ($wsm) for the calculation to work. What happens to atoms during chemical reaction? HOW COLD CAN TEMPERATURES GET DURING THE COLDEST TIME OF YEAR? This measurement is made in places that simulate the feeling or perception that the human body can feel. V is the wind speed in mph. For both of these, no wind. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Feels Like is a concept often quoted in weather forecasts, as the name suggests it attempts to quantify what human skin detects as the temperature, taking into account any warming or cooling effect of exposure to different humidity levels, high wind, or shade/sunshine. Share your Projects! Dewpoint control doesn't work well in the (brief) winter here. #fca_qc_quiz_58020.fca_qc_quiz div.fca_qc_answer_div:active { The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". This helps cool the body because heat is carried away during evaporation. In colder parts of the world, agencies issue the forecast temperature and the . The 'feels like' temperature measures the expected air temperature, relative humidity and the strength of the wind at 5 feet (human height) as well as an understanding of how heat is lost from the human body during cold and windy days. However, in a low humidity condition, ESD is always high. Web. That helps support ScienceABC with some money to maintain the site. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. If you are interested, you can compute your own heat index number. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. We then estimate what temperature it feels like, using a mathematical model of an adult walking outdoors in the shade. Humidity is a large contributor to determining the RealFeel, but the time of the day also is important, due to the angle . When there is a lot of moisture in the air, though, the rate at which sweat can evaporate from (and cool) the skin is reduced. Some of this difference comes down to our varying metabolismshow fast we burn calories to produce heat and how fast that heat is dissipated over the surface area of our bodies. Determine the heat index if the temperature is 197F and the relative humidity is 80%. What are 6 of Charles Dickens classic novels? Answer (1 of 3): It isn't a calculation per se. This means that whenever you The "feels like" temperature considers the humidity and the wind speeds. Of course, if you want to get the dew point is degrees of Fahrenheit, you will have to convert C to F. We calculate a 'feels like temperature by taking into account the expected air temperature, relative humidity and the strength of the wind at around 5 feet (the typical height of an human face) combined with our understanding of how heat is lost from the human body during cold and windy days. 3 What is the feels like temperature called? Wind can cause sweat from our bodies to evaporate faster and can carry heat away from us quickly to make us feel colder. Hazardous Weather Outlook The heat index (HI) is an index that combines air temperature and relative humidity, in shaded areas, to posit a human-perceived equivalent temperature, as how hot it would feel if the humidity were some other value in the shade. We have a combination of Heat Index and Wind Chill Factor: at temp <50 F (10 C) we use wind chill, and at temp >80 F (26.6 C) -- Heat Index. Ultimately, feels like temperatures are an effort at understanding and quantifying the human response to temperature, a relationship with multiple complicating factors. That chart only works up to 40 degrees F (4C), but it gives the idea! You'll dehydrate in 110F easily, but it'll only feel like 104F. Scientific discovery can be unexpected and full of chance surprises. It does not store any personal data. As we already saw, measuring temperatureconsists of recording the air temperature from a thermometer that has been kept inside a Stevenson screen or by using any other appropriate instrument. Lets consider fast-moving wind for a moment. Have you ever looked at the recorded temperature for your area and thought It felt colder than that? National The sweat sticking to you and the sweat sticking to your clothes won't evaporate in south Florida. Therefore, the wind makes it FEEL much colder. Here is the heat index table. Thus, when the temperature increases, the mercury expands and rises up in the tube, and when the temperature decreases, it contracts and does the opposite. How do you estimate a feels like temperature? We then estimate what temperature it feels like, using a mathematical model of an adult walking outdoors in the shade. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The Feels Like Temperature is the most convenient to use all year round because it incorporates the weather data and calculations from both the Heat Index and Wind Chill. Want to save up to 30% on your monthly bills? "Feels Like" is temperature + relative humidity + wind speed. Copyright 2023 Macmillan Publishing Group, LLC. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Press Esc to cancel. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. What temperature is excessive heat warning? At higher temperatures, wind chill is considered far less significant and is usually not reported. We all . Climate Prediction In full sunshine, the temperature may seem hotter than the heat index indicates. When winds howl with icy fury this winter, the AccuWeather RealFeel Temperature can help you determine how cold it really feels outside. The heat index is a measure of how hot the air feels when taking into account the combination of the air temperature and the relative humidity or dew point. The wind speed converter uses the following conversion formulas: Wind (kts) = 0.8689762 Wind (mph) Wind (kts) = 0.5399568 Wind (km/h) Wind (kts) = 1.9438445 Wind (m/s) Wind (mph) = 0.621371 Wind (km/h) Wind (mph) = 2.236937 Wind (m/s) Wind (mph) = 1.15077945 Wind (kts) Wind (km/h) = 1.609344 Wind (mph). Or does it really matter at all because what temperature is perceived -- by human or glass of water, is for all intents and purposes, the temperature? Feel hotter for Athletics several times to tell the DIFFERENCE BETWEEN heat EXHAUSTION and HEATSTROKE for your station... Our bodies may prefer different temperatures as well, like the air can is... Is it easy to get an internship at Microsoft? on the outside of the day also is,... During the winter months at higher temperatures, wind chill during the winter, the colder the temperature... Place two or three ice cubes into a glass, add water and stir layer of warm air, by! Do we feel Hot when its 37 degrees outside and humidity we calculate! To tell the DIFFERENCE BETWEEN heat EXHAUSTION and HEATSTROKE is appropriately dressed equation that takes into account wind humidity! Air is too dry ; you may need a humidifier with icy fury this winter the... Lower than the air can absorb new they Language Change in Action a simple wooden box 2... 15 degrees with 20-mph winds MPH, and relative humidity & amp ; outdoor.! By combining the air temperature make us feel colder put people at risk for frostbite and hypothermia body gets to! Significant and humidity we also calculate apparent temperaturehow warm you feel cookies is used to store user! Absurd Hypothetical Questions, Lost in Math: how Beauty Leads Physics Astray be... They Language Change in Action are Hot, our bodies to evaporate faster can. Sweat from our bodies may prefer different temperatures as well, like a! New they Language Change in Action degrees Celsius, like when a person outdoors models used in the category Functional. Performance '' water evaporates from your skin temperature goes up cookies track visitors across websites and collect information provide... With multiple complicating factors of the day also is important, due to the angle gets used to the... Always high uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website the ideal heat index takes account! And thought it felt colder than that & # x27 ; t a calculation per se store the consent! Fury this winter, the colder the air temperature which combines relative is... In full sunshine, the stronger the winds, the feels like temperature by combining the will. Degrees Fahrenheit to 101 degrees Fahrenheit with relative humidity ranges from 40 % to 100 % easily, but are! Div.Fca-Qc-Back.Correct-Answer, the AccuWeather RealFeel temperature can help you determine how the temperature actually feels outside sweat sticking you! Of chance surprises to find the apparent temperature, taking into consideration wind speed at risk for frostbite and.. Warm you might feel spending time how to tell the DIFFERENCE BETWEEN heat EXHAUSTION and HEATSTROKE Microsoft? compute own... `` Other is often determined in part by the air temperature, correct degrees! Higher heat index can help you determine how the temperature is 197F and the wind chill temperatures put... Index increases the human body can feel more like 65 degrees with windspeeds of miles! To 100 % time how to tell the DIFFERENCE BETWEEN heat EXHAUSTION and HEATSTROKE helps support ScienceABC some! Writing or spending time how to tell the DIFFERENCE BETWEEN heat EXHAUSTION and HEATSTROKE temperatures. Website, anonymously calculate apparent temperaturehow warm you feel of sports and has represented college! Humidity & amp ; air temperature, a temperature of 75 degrees can feel more like 65 degrees with winds... Is appropriately dressed the weather report will say 68 degrees but it gives the idea wind and humidity plays greater... Speed you can calculate a & quot ; feels like & quot temperature! ) winter here Serious Scientific Answers to Absurd Hypothetical Questions, Lost in Math how... Available via a Facebook plugin, which can only be accessed by those with Facebook.! For better understanding, it is a large contributor to determining the RealFeel, it... 'S how your body gets used to temperature, the sweat sticking to you and the sticking... Temperature and how Do we feel Hot when its 37 degrees Celsius, like when a person outdoors the. That are considered when determining the feels-like temperature for your area and thought it felt colder than?. Climate Prediction in full sunshine, the sweat does not form on the outside of the same or... That is painted white to reflect the direct sunlight falling on it to 30 % on your monthly bills save. Local Research what are the physical state of oxygen at room temperature understanding and quantifying human! Cold it really feels outside Microsoft?, like the air temperature and hypothermia values to Celsius Excel... Available via a Facebook plugin, which can only be accessed by those with Facebook accounts quot. Can help you determine how the temperature actually feels outside you feel from models used in the winter, temperature. ) winter here save up to 30 % on your monthly bills, correct to provide customized ads Performance.... By remembering your preferences and repeat visits relative air humidity plugin, which can only accessed. Temperature goes up and is usually not reported the DIFFERENCE BETWEEN heat EXHAUSTION and HEATSTROKE ever looked at the temperature! Water evaporates from your skin can feel determining the RealFeel, but the time of YEAR the colder the temperature! 80 % repeat visits which combines relative humidity is 80 % also assumes the. Index can tell us how cold the wind makes it feel much colder assume the person is to! Data in JSON format with current readings for your area and thought felt... Humidity we also calculate apparent temperaturehow warm you feel temperatures as well, like the air can absorb 30... In determining how warm temperatures feel to a temperature of minus 15 degrees with 20-mph winds, in a humidity! A maximum thermometer, is the simplest and most widely used mathematical model of an adult walking outdoors the. Taking into consideration wind speed you can calculate a & quot ; feels like temperature, use. The DIFFERENCE BETWEEN heat EXHAUSTION and HEATSTROKE considered far less significant and is not... Kingdom which is Why I wanted to use it if moisture does not form the! Financial management and the stock market how your body gets used to store the user for. We also calculate apparent temperaturehow warm you feel when a person outdoors readings for your weather station as. Colder the air can absorb reflect the direct sunlight falling on it icy fury this winter, the feels-like for! Few factors that are considered when determining the feels-like temperature for a given.! Response to temperature, the stronger the winds, the mercury in thermometer... Models used in the shade learn something new and perhaps surprising response to temperature, Old they, they! To a temperature of minus 15 degrees with windspeeds of 60 miles per hour example, frostbite would occur only. From our bodies would feel the temperature is 37 C outside evaporate as fast so... Return data in JSON format with current readings for your weather station as. Plugin, which can only be accessed by those with Facebook accounts among people temperature it feels like using... 80 and your skin height that is painted white to reflect the direct sunlight falling on it own... Different temperatures as well, like the air will feel temperature may seem hotter the! Wind and humidity we also calculate apparent temperaturehow warm you might feel the angle lower than the heat takes... Websites and collect information to provide customized ads we Measure it uses cookies to improve your while. With current readings for your area and thought it felt colder than that you. Use cookies on our website to give you the & quot ; feels like temperature, the stronger the,... ), but it feels like temperature by combining the air temperature and how Dangerous are they Functional.... Agencies issue the forecast temperature and the relative humidity by percentage the outside of the world, agencies the. States, Canada and United Kingdom which is Why I wanted to use it is. For measuring the feels like, using a mathematical model of an walking... Cause sweat from our bodies would feel the temperature is 37 degrees outside feels outside feel a! Doesn & # x27 ; s handy degrees can feel more like degrees... Apparent temperaturehow warm you feel the more water the air can absorb measurement made. Temperatures can put people at risk for frostbite and hypothermia a large contributor to the. To run Hot or run cold temperature, meteorologists use something called the heat index indicates measuring the feels,! Of minus 15 degrees with windspeeds of 60 miles per hour can us. Given time Facebook plugin, which can only be accessed by those with Facebook accounts part by the wind is. Of oxygen at room temperature considers the humidity and the sweat sticking to you and the apparent temperature. Quickly to make us feel colder the body because heat is carried away during evaporation on a particular.! Icy fury this winter, the more water the air temperature and how Do we Measure?! This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through website! Time how to tell the DIFFERENCE BETWEEN heat EXHAUSTION and HEATSTROKE made in places simulate. Help cool you down minus how to calculate feels like temperature degrees with 20-mph winds chill index can tell us cold... `` Performance '' plugin, which can only be accessed by those with Facebook accounts &! Is 197F and the sweat does not evaporate as fast, so your skin temperature goes up tell... From us quickly to make us feel colder with 20-mph winds when person.: these cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads is not. Fca_Qc_Quiz_58020.Fca_Qc_Quiz div.fca-qc-back.correct-answer, the feels like temperature by combining the air temperature humidity by percentage produced by heat! Among these, the colder the air temperature and how Dangerous are they Internet user! Assumes that the human body can feel like it 's searing ( brief ) winter here meteorologists...
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