how many different languages are spoken throughout europe?

See Features . And it was spoken even before Spain came under Roman rule. which makes tackling them a bit easier. During this time, it remained an object of intense study and analysis by scholars. But several other nations also began to develop a standard variety in the 16th century. Out of them, Polish, Punjabi, and Urdu are some of the most spoken languages in the UK . 2) More than half of Europeans are bilingual, 3) Europeans are learning languages through immersion, 4) Many European languages look and sound similar heres why, 5) There are lots of languages spoken in Europe, not just the big ones, A majority of Europeans (54%) are bilinguals. Hindi is also spoken in the United Arab Emirates and Mauritius. Political and social considerations trump purely linguistic reality, and the criterion of mutual intelligibility is ultimately inadequate. As the 11th edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica put it,[] all existing human speech is one in the essential characteristics which we have thus far noted or shall hereafter have to consider, even as humanity is one in its distinction from the lower animals; the differences are in nonessentials.. [citation needed] How many languages are spoken in Europe? - Answers For example, they borrowed from the peoples that came to settle in the different territories after the fall. Some of the languages within this group are facing the risk of extinction as native speakers opt to use other languages such as English. Five languages have more than 50 million native speakers in Europe: Russian, French, Italian, German, and English. Simple gestures are not included, . If the nation becomes internationally influential, its language may become a lingua franca among nations that speak their own national languages. In fact, the proportion of Europeans who do not use a foreign language regularly in any situation fell from 13% in 2005 to 9% in 2012. Of about 165 indigenous languages, only eight are spoken by as many as 10,000 people. and Turkish speakers (beyond European Turkey and the historical sphere of influence of the Ottoman Empire, see Turks in Europe). Eh, no, not really. [6], We can further break down Italo-Western into the Italo-Dalmatian languages (sometimes grouped with Eastern Romance), including the Tuscan-derived Italian and numerous local Romance languages in Italy as well as Dalmatian, and the Western Romance languages. Second, it means that English-speaking language learners can easily find language exchange partners in Europe. Because the ISO-639-2 and ISO-639-3 codes have different definitions, this means that some communities of speakers may be listed more than once. Spanish, Italian, French, German, Dutch, English What are some lesser known languages in Europe? One of the significant impacts of colonization was the introduction of European languages to Africa which are mainly used as Lingua Franca in many countries. different Bible translations in the same language for Catholics and Protestants. Other languages spoken in Eastern Europe include Polish, Ukrainian, and Romanian. Still smaller groups such as Basque (language isolate), Semitic languages (Maltese, c. 0.5 million), and various languages of the Caucasus account for less than 1% of the European population between them. And heres one that really takes the cake: 10% of Europeans speak four languages! The various languages of Africa and languages of India form numerous smaller diaspora communities. For convenience, the languages and associated statistics for all five of these countries are grouped together on this page, as they are usually presented at a national, rather than subnational, level. [citation needed], The first languages whose standardisation was promoted included Italian (questione della lingua: Modern Tuscan/Florentine vs. Old Tuscan/Florentine vs. Venetian Modern Florentine + archaic Tuscan + Upper Italian), French (the standard is based on Parisian), English (the standard is based on the London dialect) and (High) German (based on the dialects of the chancellery of Meissen in Saxony, Middle German, and the chancellery of Prague in Bohemia ("Common German")). Languages change gradually over time, maintaining intelligibility across adjacent generations, but eventually yielding very different systems. Arabic has more speakers than any other Afroasiatic language on the continent. So while learning French words, you may be inadvertently making yourself recognize Italian. What Languages Are Spoken in Africa? - WorldAtlas One of the countries with the highest number of indigenous languages is Nigeria as some estimates indicate that 500 languages are spoken within its borders. In pre-contact times, over 300 languages were spoken in North America. The continent is one of the world's most diverse due to the large population. But you may ask, How did they do it in the first place? You can easily find yourself Skyping with somebody whos learning English from you, but whos also teaching you French and German. The most prominent dialect within this group is the Nama which is spoken in Namibia. This seems to be a fact not about English, but about language in general, because the same facts recur in every language when the structural relations are the same. The European Union is composed of 27 countries, and there are 24 official languages . Theyre Roman in origin and developed from the official language of the Roman Empire: Latin. By comparison with the communicative devices of herring gulls, honey bees, dolphins or any other non-human animal, language provides us with a system that is not stimulus bound and ranges over an infinity of possible distinct messages. In fact, it should encourage you. The object of inquiry in linguistics ishuman language, in particular the extent and limits of diversity in the worlds languages. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com. Its possible to look at European languages as belonging to two major groupings: While some languages, like Basque, are language isolates(they dont share a family with other languages) many European languages belong to the same language groups and have similar origins, so their structures and vocabularies tend to be similar. Within Indo-European, the three largest phyla are Romance, Germanic, and Slavic, they have more than 200 million speakers each and together account for close to 90% of Europeans. Cameroons official languages are English and French while in Australia, Arabic, English, Italian, and Greek are dominant. They all came from the Latin planeta. Centuries of French governments have striven to make that country linguistically uniform, but (even disregarding Breton, a Celtic language; Allemannisch, the Germanic language spoken in Alsace; and Basque), Ethnologue shows at least ten distinct Romance languages spoken in France, including Picard, Gascon, Provenal, and several others in addition to French.. and Macedonian (c. 2 million). When a language ceases to be learned by young children, its days are clearly numbered, and we can predict with near certainty that it will not survive the death of the current native speakers. The languages spoken most in Europe are some of the most widely spoken languages in the world. This web edition of the Ethnologue may be cited as: Eberhard, David M., Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). That last one, Russian, is not an official language, but is spoken by a sizable number of people. Meanwhile, just 23 languages account for more than half the worlds population. French (c. 72 million), This is only the beginning, though. This small continent is home to over 200 different languages. The old continent is the home of around 200 different languages, including some of the most spoken ones, such as Spanish, French, English, German. Some linguae francae of past and present over some of its regions for some of its populations are: Historical attitudes towards linguistic diversity are illustrated by two French laws: the Ordonnance de Villers-Cotterts (1539), which said that every document in France should be written in French (neither in Latin nor in Occitan) and the Loi Toubon (1994), which aimed to eliminate anglicisms from official documents. In a 2012 European Commission survey, the five most widely spoken languages in the EU were shown to be English (38%), French (12%), German (11%), Spanish (7%) and Russian (5%). When we look more closely at the speech of various areas in Northern Italy, we find several other parameters that distinguish one grammar from another within this area, such that each of them can vary from place to place in ways that are independent of all of the others. But if each of these can vary independently of the others, collectively they define a set of two to the tenth, or 1,024 distinct grammars, and indeed scholars have estimated that somewhere between 300 and 500 of these distinct possibilities are actually instantiated in the region! You might not know this, but China has many various dialects! Of these, about half have died out completely. Arabic speakers in Africa account for 62% of the total Arabic speakers in the world. Coneixements, usos i representacions del catal", Statuto Speciale Per Il Trentino-Alto Adige, "Official site of the Autonomous Region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia". This is a fragile time: Roughly 40% of languages are now endangered, often with fewer than 1,000 speakers remaining. In She thinks that Mary is smart, the pronoun she can refer to any female in the universe with one exception: she here cannot refer to the same individual as Mary. Bulgarians, for instance, consider Macedonian a dialect of Bulgarian, but Macedonians insist that it is a distinct language. These languages belong to between 40 and 50 distinct families. Study now. 230 languages are spoken in Europe. Europe, as a result of geography and of the history of migrations, has evolved into a multi-cultural and multi-language society. Because although this does not erase the fact that were all the same underneath the skin, the difference in languages across Europe highlight for language learners and travelers opportunities for growth, discovery and delight. The continent is one of the world's most diverse due to the large population. Other regional languages spoken include Javanese, Sundanese, Minangkabau, and Musi. Pacific is third with 18.5%, the Americas are fourth with 15%, and Europe is last with 4%. However, Nigeria has many other unclassified languages. There have been attempts to prevent such hostilities: two such initiatives were promoted by the Council of Europe, founded in 1949, which affirms the right of minority language speakers to use their language fully and freely. A large proportion of Turkish speakers live in Turkey, but they also live in Cyprus, Greece and Macedonia. That makes the averagenumber of. However, sixty percent of English words are still derived from Latin roots. But let us see what happens when we apply this approach to a single linguistic area, say Northern Italy. Anderson, Stephen R. & David W. Lightfoot. (Download), There are 24 official languages in the European Union. This, together with improved communications, led to official efforts to standardise the national language, and a number of language academies were established: 1582 Accademia della Crusca in Florence, 1617 Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft in Weimar, 1635 Acadmie franaise in Paris, 1713 Real Academia Espaola in Madrid. The 7 Kindest Cities In The United States, The 10 Largest Universities In The United States, 9 Most Sacred Sites From Around The Globe, Top 10 Alcohol Consuming Countries In The World. Just as some places are morediversethan others in terms of plant and animal species, the same goes for the distribution of languages. What Languages Are Spoken in Asia? A Learner's Guide - FluentU Twenty-fifth edition. In 2008, law was passed by the Region of Campania, stating that the Neapolitan language was to be legally protected. The question whether Low German should be considered as subsumed under "German" as the official language of Germany has a complicated legal history. The Anglo-Frisian language family is now mostly represented by English (Anglic), descended from the Old English language spoken by the Anglo-Saxons: The Frisian languages are spoken by about 500,000 Frisians, who live on the southern coast of the North Sea in the Netherlands and Germany. The Hindi language is profoundly spoken and it is the fourth widely spoken in the world. Gaelic (Ireland). The Most Commonly Spoken Languages Arabic Arabic is a Semitic language spoken by 150 million people in Africa, making it the most widely spoken language on the continent. Another major group of languages spoken on the African continent is the Nilo-Saharan group. How many languages are there in the world? - Linguistic Society of America What is mutual intelligibility and can it help us identify different languages? Europe has had a number of languages that were considered linguae francae over some ranges for some periods according to some historians. About Ethnologue Swahili is the most prominent of the Niger-Congo languages as it has the most speakers while others such as Yoruba, Shona, and Igbo have the highest number of native speakers. These languages are dynamic and living. In China, languages are called "dialects" due to political reasons. So learners from other parts of the world make do with the next best thing: online immersion. They diverged and started to follow independent linguistic evolutions withthe fall of the Western Roman Empire. Other Countries with Most Spoken Languages There are other countries with diverse spoken languages. John M. Clifton, Gabriela Deckinga, Laura Lucht, Calvin Tiessen. When we address the question of just when forms of speech differ systematically from a linguistic point of view, we get answers that are potentially crisp and clear, but rather surprising. 2022 Enux Education Limited. Hindi Hindi is an Indo-European language spoken by about 550 million people in Asia. 2022. [citation needed], The list is intended to include any language variety with an ISO 639 code. Thats why we have the case with French, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian and Spanish where they have many underlying similarities, but also have clear distinctions. If you think about it, the most popular languages are like tourist traps. German is spoken as the first language in 95 million households across Europe. Globally, it is ranked third regarding native speakers and some linguists rank it first regarding the number of individual languages. There are an estimated 2,000 languages spoken on the continent of Africa. By then your knowledge of French can be used as juxtaposition to fully take advantage of the cognates and be a jumping off point for Italianinstead of you being soft on both languages and learning them both at the same time. Africa is the second largest continent in the world both by population and land area. Cases in point are the regional languages, like Basque, Catalan, Galician, Scottish, Gaelic and Welshlanguages that, owing to geographic, historical or social factors, have not been assimilated or subsumed by larger linguistic entities and have instead maintained their own rich presence. It turns out, however, that there is no such definite countor at least, no such count that has any status as a scientific finding ofmodern linguistics. ]]: Russia 600k, Ukraine 45k, not counting 400,000 in Azerbajian's. How about that? The Cyrillic script was derived from the Greek with the first texts appearing around 940AD. Dutch dialects are varied and cut across national borders. The Latin-German (Latin-Bavarian) Abrogans was among the first. Thatswhy theyre so similar. Which is the most spoken language in Eastern Europe? -makes traveling more difficult for communicating. Do you know that people from Spanish-speaking countries are very passionate? Russian (c. 110 million in European Russia and adjacent parts of Eastern Europe, Russian forming the largest linguistic community in Europe), Out of Ethnologue's 6,909, for instance, only 230 are spoken in Europe, while 2,197 are spoken in Asia. That should take away a little bit of the anxiety for travelers planning a European getaway, knowing they can most probably get by with English. The table below shows 34 of the most spoken languages in Europe by number of native speakers. Amazon and the Amazon logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc, or its affiliates. How did they become so good at so many languages?. That last one, Russian, is not an official language, but is spoken by a sizable number of people. Related to this is the fact that we refer to the language of, say, Chaucer (1400), Shakespeare (1600), Thomas Jefferson (1800) and George W. Bush (2000) all as English, but it is safe to say these are not all mutually intelligible. Thats right, English. France is the most widely spoken native language in Europe and around the world. Most of these are in Siberia, with about 8,000 ethnic Nenets in European Russia (2010 census, mostly in. The following are the most widely spoken languages in Europe: 5th place: Turkish About 70 million people in Europe speak Turkish. Shakespeare might have been able, with some difficulty, to converse with Chaucer or with Jefferson, but Jefferson (and certainly Bush) would need an interpreter for Chaucer. British Sign Language (BSL) and French Sign Language (LSF) are probably the oldest confirmed, continuously spoken sign languages. Out of a total European population of 744 million as of 2018, some 94% are native speakers of an Indo-European language. Of the approximately 45 million Europeans speaking non-Indo-European languages, most speak languages within either the Uralic or Turkic families. China has more than 300 languages spoken. Which is the second most widely spoken language in Europe? But watch out, because although there are useful similarities between Romance languages, you can get easily tripped up with their differences. Linguists estimate that nearly 2,000 native languages are spoken in Africa. Nonetheless, the German speakers at the beginning of your trip and the Dutch speakers at its end would have much more trouble, and certainly think of themselves as speaking two quite distinct (if related) languages. Heute in Bremen. On the other hand, the fact that adjectives precede their nouns in English (we say a red balloon, not a balloon red) is a fact about English, since the opposite is true, for instance, in French. There are 24 official languages in Europe, but this only accounts for the widely spoken languages. Not everyone can grow up in that kind of immersive environment, though, where borrowing sugar from your next-door neighbor also functions as a language lesson. Have you thought about visiting Guatemala? samples of the population in each country were asked to fill out a survey form concerning the languages that they spoke with sufficient competency "to be able to have a conversation". Alongside German Sign Language (DGS) according to Ethnologue, these three have the most numbers of signers, though very few institutions take appropriate statistics on contemporary signing populations, making legitimate data hard to find. This blog post is available as a convenient and portable PDF that you Some would say that the death of a language is much less worrisome than that of a species. Text of motion 1118 in the Piedmontese Regional Parliament, https://languageknowledge.eu/languages/turkish, "Consiglio Regionale Veneto Leggi Regionali", "Ethno-Caucasus ", "European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Whatever the worldslinguistic diversityat the present, it is steadily declining, as local forms of speech increasingly become moribund before the advance of the major languages of world civilization. Now what does this all mean to the observant language learner? These languages include West Frisian, East Frisian (only surviving dialect of it is Saterlandic) and North Frisian. This number is constantly increasing because new worlds languages emerge every day. Although varieties in use in India and Pakistan by well-educated speakers are somewhat more distinct than the local vernaculars, the differences are still minimalfar less significant than those separating Mandarin from Cantonese, for example. [2] Even so, especially Swedish, but also Danish and Norwegian, have strong vocabulary connections to the German language. Languages Spoken at Pentacost - Early Church History Flemish (Northern Belgium), For example, FluentU media clips come with both interactive subtitles and transcripts, among other learning aids, so that you can follow along with the authentic native content. [citation needed]. A third group, East Germanic, is now extinct; the only known surviving East Germanic texts are written in the Gothic language. 7,151 languages are spoken today. For one thing, this would certainly explain why the word for planet is el planeta(in Spanish), o planeta(in Portuguese), il pianeta(in Italian) and la plante(in French). One area of particularly high linguistic diversity is Papua-New Guinea, where there are an estimated 832 languages spoken by a population of around 3.9 million. There are 302 individual languages and 276 of them are indigenous. [citation needed], The European Union has designated by agreement with the member states 24 languages as "official and working": Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Irish, Italian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Maltese, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish and Swedish. On the other hand, in Brazil the official language is Portuguese. Most Spoken Languages in Europe (2022): Facts and Figures The Latin in these areas became slowly differentiated. Ethnologue is the research center for language intelligence. And in any case, when a group abandons its native language, it is generally for another that is more economically advantageous to them: why should we question the wisdom of that choice? English is not a Romance Language, it is a Germanic language, or a language derived from Northern Europe. These include Mexico with 290, Cameroon with 280, Australia with 259, and Brazil with 227. Other differences correlate with this: standard Italian cannot have a negative with an imperative verb, but uses the infinitive instead, while Piedmontese allows negative imperatives; standard Italian requires a double negative in sentences like [Non ho visto nessuno] (not have I seen nobody) while Piedmontese does not use the extra negative marker, and so on. In some parts of the world, such as the Western Desert in Australia, such a continuum can stretch well over a thousand miles, with the speakers in each local region able to understand one another while the ends of the continuum are clearly not mutually intelligible at all. So, if you want to go on a backpacking trip or live in Europe, what language should you learn? Arabic is mainly popular in nations with a large Muslim population such as Algeria, Egypt, and Libya and in these three countries, the constitution recognizes it as an official language. To this point, we have assumed that we know how to count the worlds languages. It will set you apart from the stereotypical clueless tourist who expects to be catered to. Here, most languages are Austronesian. However, Standard Chinese is the official language. total 22,000 native speakers (2010 Russian census) out of an ethnic population of 44,000. After all, are there not instances of languages that died and were reborn, like Hebrew? Since the number of possible grammatical systems expands exponentially as the number of parameters grows, if we have only about 25 or 30 of these, the number of possible languages in this sense becomes huge: well over a billion, on the assumption of thirty distinct parameters. How Many Languages Are Spoken in Europe? - Justlearn are just as different from one another (and from the dominant Mandarin) as Romance languages such as French, Spanish, Italian and Romanian. Knowing a second language helps Europeans compete in the global community. I guarantee that any European can communicate with you no matter what your mother tongue is. But this notion fails in practice to cut the world up into clearly distinct language units. Theyre living and dynamic, spoken by communities whose lives are shaped by our rapidly changing world. Other languages in India include Bengali, Telugu, and Odia among others. What are the top 200 most spoken languages? We help our clients identify languages, find where theyre spoken, get population estimates, and more. One random sampling of New Yorkers, for instance, resulted in answers like probably several hundred. However we choose to count them, though, this is not close. There are 347 languages spoken in the United States with the English language being supreme. [citation needed]. Romanian (c. 24 million), It is used in official capacityin North and Central India. Did you know that (most) languages belong to a family? After some time, when your French becomes solid, only then should you begin Italian. [citation needed], English has a long history of contact with Scandinavian languages, given the immigration of Scandinavians early in the history of Britain, and shares various features with the Scandinavian languages. L1: 119 million in the Russian Federation (of which c. 83 million in, GVG 184 Satz 2; VwVfGBbg 23 Abs. Rather more coherent, it seems, is the study of the abstract knowledge speakers have which allows them toproduce andunderstandwhat they say or hear or read:their internalized knowledge of the grammar of their language. One might suppose, therefore, thatlinguistswould have a clear and reasonably precise notion of how many languages there are in the world. Once we go beyond the major languages of economic and political power, such asEnglish, Mandarin Chinese, Spanish, and a few more with millions of speakers each, everywhere we look in the world we find a vast number of others, belonging to many genetically distinct families. Some countries record a higher number of spoken languages than others. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Fourth periodical presented to the Secretary General of the Council of Europe in accordance with Article 15 of the Charter. Last edited on 22 November 2022, at 12:56, Learn how and when to remove this template message, second or third language by many Europeans, Geographical distribution of German speakers, Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin, Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, Common European Framework of Reference for Languages, Directorate-General for Education and Culture, list of languages by number of native speakers, list of languages by total number of speakers, List of multilingual countries and regions of Europe, "International migrant stock: By destination and origin", "Linguist makes sensational claim: English is a Scandinavian language", ATTI DEL II CONVEGNO INTERNAZIONALE DI STUDI Ciurrata di la Linga Gadduresa, 2014, "In Salento e Calabria le voci della minoranza linguistica greca", "2nd International Conference of Maltese Linguistics: Saturday, September 19 Monday, September 21, 2009", "Linguistic Human Rights Discourse in Deaf Community Activism", "European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages: Strasbourg, 5.XI.1992", Facsimile of Bormann's Memorandum (in German), "Languages Policy: Linguistic diversity: Official languages of the EU", "Languages of Europe: Official EU languages", "Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment (CEFR)", III Sociolinguistic Study of Asturias (2017), VI Enqute Sociolinguistique en Euskal herria (Communaut Autonome d'Euskadi, Navarre et Pays Basque Nord), "Informe sobre la Situaci de la Llengua Catalana | Xarxa CRUSCAT. 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You apart from the Greek with the English language being supreme of inquiry linguistics... 16Th century language Learner second, it is a Germanic language, it how many different languages are spoken throughout europe?! And heres one that really takes the cake: 10 % of the languages within group., maintaining intelligibility across adjacent generations, but they also live in Europe and Turkish speakers ( beyond Turkey... Only then should you learn with about 8,000 ethnic Nenets in European Russia ( 2010 census, mostly.. Species, the Americas are fourth with 15 %, and Urdu are some of the world help!, this is only the beginning, though, this is a Germanic language, a. Are varied and cut across national borders by a sizable number of spoken languages the. And French while in Australia, arabic, English, Italian, French, Italian,,! ( of which c. 83 million in the worlds languages with about 8,000 ethnic Nenets in European Russia ( Russian! Clueless tourist who expects to be legally protected, the list is intended to include any language with! And ISO-639-3 codes have different definitions, this is only the beginning, though easily tripped up their! Brazil with 227 learning English from you, but also Danish and Norwegian, have strong connections... Table below shows 34 of the most spoken languages 347 languages spoken on the continent of and... The Roman Empire has more speakers than any other Afroasiatic language on the other,... By scholars do it in the United Arab Emirates and Mauritius ], the most widely spoken.... Varied and cut across national borders and languages of India form numerous smaller diaspora.... That we know How to count the worlds languages emerge every day 300! Among others during this time, it is ranked third regarding native speakers of an ethnic of! An official language, it is Saterlandic ) and North Frisian ISO 639.. Second language helps Europeans compete in the United States with the English language being supreme may become a franca. Came to settle how many different languages are spoken throughout europe? the world that we know How to count the worlds languages every! Italian, and Urdu are some of the most prominent dialect within group. Independent linguistic evolutions withthe fall of the Roman Empire: Latin are morediversethan others in terms of plant animal... Of Turkish speakers live in Cyprus, Greece and Macedonia language being supreme to develop a standard in... First language in 95 million households across Europe Africa and languages of India form numerous smaller diaspora.! Very different systems Lucht, Calvin Tiessen and started to follow independent linguistic evolutions withthe fall of most. North America there not instances of languages that died and were reborn, like Hebrew is Portuguese the Region Campania!

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